Router interface and connection
1. Router interface
The router has a very powerful network connection and routing function. It can be physically connected to a variety of different networks, which determines the interface technology of the router is very complicated. The more types of networks it can connect to. The ports of the router are mainly divided into three types: LAN port, WAN port and configuration port, which are introduced separately below.
1. LAN interface
Common Ethernet interfaces are mainly AUI, BNC and RJ-45 interfaces, as well as FDDI, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, etc. have corresponding network interfaces, the following introduces the main types of LAN interfaces.
(1). AUI port
AUI port It is the interface used to connect with thick coaxial cable. It is a "D" type 15-pin interface, which is one of the more common ports in token ring network or bus network. The router can connect to the 10Base-5 network through the thick coaxial cable transceiver. But more is to achieve the connection with the 10Base-T Ethernet network by means of an external transceiver transponder (AUI-to-RJ-45). Of course, the connection with thin coaxial cable (10Base-2) or optical cable (10Base-F) can also be achieved by means of other types of transceivers.
(2). RJ-45 port
RJ-45 port is our most common port, it is our common twisted pair Ethernet port. Because twisted pair is mainly used as the transmission medium in Fast Ethernet, the RJ-45 port can be divided into two types: 10Base-T network RJ-45 port and 100Base-TX network RJ-45 port according to the communication rate of the port . Among them, the RJ-45 port of the 10Base-T network is usually marked as "ETH" in the router, and the RJ-45 port of the 100Base-TX network is usually marked as "10 / 100bTX".
(3) SC port
The SC port is also the fiber port we often say, it is used to connect with the fiber. Fiber ports are usually not directly connected to the workstation with fiber, but connected to switches with fiber ports such as Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet through fiber. This kind of port is generally only available in high-end routers, which are marked with "100b FX", as shown in Figure 4.
2. WAN interface
As mentioned above, routers can not only realize the connection between LANs, but the more important application is the connection between LANs and WANs, and WANs and WANs. However, because of the large scale of the WAN and the complex network environment, the speed requirements of the ports used by the router to connect to the WAN are very high. Generally, Ethernet requires 100Mbps or faster Fast Ethernet. Several common WAN interfaces are introduced below.
(1) RJ-45 port
The RJ-45 port can also be used to establish a connection between a wide area network and a local area network VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network), as well as to a remote network or the Internet. If you use a router to provide routing for different VLANs, you can directly use twisted pair to connect to different VLAN ports. However, it should be noted that the network connected to the RJ-45 port is generally not 10Base-T, generally 100Mbps or faster Fast Ethernet. If you must connect to a remote network through fiber optics, or connect to other types of ports, you need to use a transponder to achieve the connection between each other. Figure 5 shows the Fast Ethernet (Fast Ethernet) port.
(2) AUI port
We also talked about the AUI port in the local area network. It is a network interface used to connect with a thick coaxial cable. In fact, the AUI port is also commonly used to connect to the WAN, but this interface type is rarely used in the WAN. On the Cisco 2600 series routers, two WAN connection ports, AUI and RJ-45, are provided (as shown in Figure 6). Users can choose the appropriate type according to their needs.
(3). High-speed synchronous serial port
In the router's WAN connection, the most widely used port is still considered as "high-speed synchronous serial port" (SERIAL), as shown in Figure 7.
This port is mainly used to connect the currently widely used DDN, Frame Relay (Frame Relay), X.25, PSTN (Analog Telephone Line) and other network connection modes. Sometimes private lines are connected between enterprise networks through WAN connection technologies such as DDN or X.25. This kind of synchronization port generally requires a very high rate, because in general, both ends of the network connected through this port require real-time synchronization.
(4). Asynchronous serial port
Asynchronous serial interface (ASYNC) is mainly used for connection of Modem or Modem pool, as shown in Figure 8. It is mainly used to enable remote computers to dial into the network through the public telephone network. Compared with the synchronous port described above, this asynchronous port requires much less speed, because it does not require real-time synchronization at both ends of the network, it only needs to be continuous, mainly because this interface is connected The communication method has a lower rate.
(5). ISDN BRI port
Because ISDN has its unique aspect in the connection speed of the Internet access method, it was fully applied in the Internet connection method when ISDN first emerged. The ISDN BRI port is used to connect ISDN lines to the Internet or other remote networks through routers, and can achieve a communication rate of 128Kbps. ISDN has two speed connection ports, one is ISDN BRI (Basic Rate Interface); the other is ISDN PRI (Primary Rate Interface). The ISDN BRI port adopts the RJ-45 standard, and the connection with ISDN NT1 uses RJ-45-to-RJ-45 straight-through cable. The BRI shown in FIG. 9 is an ISDN BRI port.
3. Router configuration interface
There are two configuration ports for the router, which are "Console" and "AUX". "Console" is usually used for basic configuration of the router and connected to the computer through a dedicated connection, while "AUX" is used for the remote Used to configure the connection.
(1) Console port
The Console port is directly connected to the serial port of the computer using a dedicated configuration connection, and a terminal emulation program (such as "Super Terminal" under Windows) is used for local configuration of the router. The console ports of routers are mostly RJ-45 ports. As shown in Figure 10 below, a Console configuration port is included.
(2) AUX port
The AUX port is an asynchronous port, which is mainly used for remote configuration, and can also be used for dial-up connection, and can also be connected to the MODEM through the transceiver. AUX port and Console port are usually provided at the same time, because their respective uses are different. Refer to Figure 10 above for the interface diagram.
Second, the hardware connection of the router
From the above introduction or knowledge, there are many types of interfaces for routers, and they are used for different network connections. If they do not understand the role of their ports, they may be connected incorrectly, resulting in incorrect network connection and network failure. Below we will further understand the connection application environment of various ports through several forms of network connection to the router. Due to the port type, the hardware connection of the router is mainly divided into three types: the connection between the LAN device, the connection with the WAN device, and the connection with the configuration device.
1. Connection between router and LAN access device
Local area network equipment mainly refers to hubs and switches. The ports commonly used by switches are only RJ-45 and SC, while the ports used by hubs are usually AUI, BNC and RJ-45. Below, we briefly introduce how to connect between various ports of the router and hub equipment.
(1) RJ-45-to-RJ-45
This connection method is that both ends of the router are connected with RJ-45 interfaces. If both the router and the hub device provide RJ-45 ports, you can use twisted pair to connect the hub device and the two ports of the router Together. It should be noted that unlike the connection between the hub devices, the connection between the router and the hub device does not use crossover cables, but straight-through cables, that is, the sequence of the two ends of the jumper is exactly the same, but also It is not to say that as long as the line order is the same, it is better not to use the one-to-one correspondence method. Another thing to note is that the cascading between hub devices is usually done through cascading ports, while the interconnection between routers and hubs or switches is done through ordinary ports.
In addition, the communication rate between the router and the hub device port should be matched as much as possible. Otherwise, the port rate of the hub device should be higher than the router rate, and it is best to connect the router directly to the switch.
(2) AUI-to-RJ-45
This situation mainly occurs when the router is connected to the hub. If the router only has an AUI port, and the hub device provides an RJ-45 port, you must use the AUI-to-RJ-45 transceiver to achieve the connection between the two. Of course, the twisted pair jumper between the transceiver and the hub device must also use a straight-through cable.
(3) SC-to-RJ-45 or SC-to-AUI
This situation is generally the connection between the router and the switch. If the switch only has a fiber port, and the routing device provides an RJ-45 port or an AUI port, you must resort to SC-to-RJ-45 or SC-to- AUI transceiver can realize the connection between the two. The twisted pair jumper between the transceiver and the switch equipment must also use a straight-through cable. But in fact, it is very rare that the switch is a pure fiber interface.
2. The connection between the router and the Internet access device
The main application of the router is Internet connection, and the connection between the router and the Internet access device is mainly as follows:
(1) Connect via asynchronous serial port
The asynchronous serial port is mainly used to connect with the modem, and is used to realize the remote computer dialing into the local area network through the public telephone network. In addition, it can also be used to connect other terminals. When the router is connected to the modem via a cable, it must be connected using an AYSNC-to-DB25 or AYSNC-to-DB9 adapter.
(2) Synchronous serial port
There are many types of synchronous serial ports that can be supported in the router. For example, the Cisco system can support five different types of synchronous serial ports: EIA / TIA-232 interface, EIA / TIA-449 interface, and V. 35 interface, X.21 serial cable assembly and EIA-530 interface, the corresponding adapters are shown in Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, respectively. But one thing to note here is that, generally speaking, the two ends of the adapter cable are of different shapes (generally called the pin with a pin and the like, the end of the adapter is called the "male", and the hole with the adapter end It is usually called "female". Note that both ends of the "EIA-530" interface are the same interface type). This is mainly due to the tight connection. The "male" in the figure is the DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) connection adapter, and the "female" below is the DCE (Data CommunicaTIons Equipment) connection adapter.
(3) ISDN BRI port
ISDN BRI modules of Cisco routers can generally be divided into two categories, one is the ISDN BRI S / T module, and the other is the ISDN BRI U module. The former must be connected to the Internet with the NT1 terminal equipment of ISDN because the S / T port It can be connected to digital telephone equipment, which is not applicable to the current situation, but it can be connected to the existing analog telephone equipment after NT1. The connection diagram is shown in Figure 19. The latter has NT1 module built-in, which we call "NT1 +" terminal equipment. Its "U" port can directly connect to the external line of analog telephone. Therefore, it can be directly connected to the wall socket of the telephone line without external ISDN NT1.
3. Configure the port connection method
As mentioned earlier, the configuration port of the router is different according to the configuration method, and the ports used are also different. The main ones are still two, one is the "Console" port used for local configuration, and the other is remote The "AUX" port used during configuration, the following will talk about their respective connection methods.
(1) Connection method of Console port
When using a computer to configure the router, you must use a flip cable to connect the console port of the router to the serial port / parallel port of the computer. Generally, this type of cable needs to be specially made. Depending on whether the computer uses a serial port or a parallel port, choose to make RJ. -45-to-DB-9 or RJ-45-to-DB-25 conversion adapter.
(2) AUX port connection method
When you need to configure the router through remote access, you need to use the AUX port. In fact, the interface structure of AUX is the same as that of RJ-45, but the corresponding circuit is different, and the functions are different. According to the different ports used by the modem, determine the connection between the AUX port and the modem. Must use RJ-45 to DB9 or RJ-45 to DB25 transceiver selection.
Through the above detailed introduction, I believe that everyone has a more comprehensive understanding of the various interfaces and connection methods of the router, and it also increases the confidence to connect and configure the router for your company.
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