Wi-Fi spectrum opportunities and threats

Wi-Fi technology, which first emerged in 1999, has always used two main spectrum bands: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The 2.4 GHz band was originally based on the IEEE 802.11b standard, while the 5 GHz band followed the IEEE 802.11a standard. However, 5 GHz is not a global ISM band, so the Wi-Fi Alliance has focused more on the 2.4 GHz band for wider adoption.
As home routers become more powerful over time, the trend is moving toward multi-band support. Currently, over half of existing Wi-Fi routers are dual-band, but future models may evolve to support three, four, or even five frequency bands. The 2.4 GHz band has limited bandwidth—less than 100 MHz—which made it difficult to increase data rates in 2007 and 2009. This led to the development of the IEEE 802.11ac standard, introduced in 2012 and primarily based on the 5 GHz band. Unlike 2.4 GHz, the 5 GHz band offers hundreds of MHz of available spectrum, making it ideal for higher-speed communication. In the US, the FCC has been instrumental in opening up new portions of the 5 GHz band, encouraging other countries to follow suit. As a result, 5 GHz has become more widely adopted globally. Since 2012, the Wi-Fi Alliance has prioritized 5 GHz, and today, over half of new Wi-Fi products support this band, often as part of a dual-band solution. In 2013, the Wi-Fi Alliance also acquired the WiGig Alliance, which focuses on the 60 GHz band. This band, like 2.4 GHz, is a global ISM band. While 60 GHz offers extremely fast short-range transmission, it struggles to penetrate walls. It's best suited for high-definition audio and video streaming. With the addition of 60 GHz, Wi-Fi became a tri-band system. Another development came with the IEEE 802.11ah standard, which operates at 915 MHz—below 1 GHz. Known as Wi-Fi HaLow, this standard supports low-rate, long-range communication, making it ideal for IoT applications. Launched in 2016, it's often referred to as Low-Power Wi-Fi. Adding 915 MHz makes Wi-Fi a quad-band system, though its global availability varies by region. Some countries have opened this band, but the available bandwidth differs from that in the US. Despite expanding into new frequency bands, Wi-Fi faces challenges. LTE technology, which uses licensed spectrum, has started to overlap with Wi-Fi’s unlicensed 5 GHz band. This has caused interference issues, leading to conflicts between the Wi-Fi and LTE communities in 2015. Although coexistence mechanisms were proposed, Wi-Fi advocates argued they favored LTE. Under the leadership of the US FCC, Wi-Fi has found another opportunity: the 3.5 GHz band. Part of this band is designated for unlicensed use, giving Wi-Fi a chance to grow. The licensed portion remains under LTE development. In summary, Wi-Fi now operates across multiple bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 60 GHz, and 915 MHz. Future standards like 802.11ax and 802.11ay will continue to drive improvements. While Wi-Fi certification processes can be slow, the industry is rapidly evolving. New features like indoor positioning and IoT integration are also being explored. In 2015, the Wi-Fi Alliance introduced Wi-Fi Aware, aiming to provide location-based services similar to Bluetooth. This shows how Wi-Fi is expanding beyond traditional networking. Looking ahead, home routers will likely become more advanced, supporting multiple frequencies and handling everything from streaming to IoT connectivity. However, increased functionality may come with higher costs. For example, Google’s OnHub, launched in 2015, had a suggested retail price of $200, much higher than typical entry-level models. Multi-band support is becoming a key selling point, but it may also contribute to rising prices. Despite this, the future of Wi-Fi looks promising, with continuous innovation and expansion into new markets.

Touch Screen Monitor

The touch screen monitor allows the user to operate the host computer simply by touching the icon or text on the computer display screen with his finger, thus getting rid of keyboard and mouse operations and making the human-computer interaction more straightforward. Mainly used in information inquiry in public halls, leading offices, electronic games, song and order, multimedia teaching, air ticket / train ticket pre-sale, etc. The products are mainly divided into three types: capacitive touch screen, resistive touch screen and surface acoustic wave touch screen.

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