With the rapid development of the chemical industry and the increasing use of natural compounds, environmental pollution has become a growing concern. According to recent reports, the number of identified environmental pollutants has exceeded 350 types. These substances can be found in air, soil, water, fish, and poultry, some of which are difficult to degrade. As they move through the food chain, they further contaminate meat, eggs, food, vegetables, and fruits.
Environmental pollution detection has been a key research area in analytical chemistry since the early 20th century.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a modern separation and analytical technique that builds on classical liquid and gas chromatography. It uses advanced high-pressure pumps, sensitive detectors, efficient stationary phases, and intelligent software, offering higher efficiency, faster analysis, and better resolution compared to traditional methods.
In recent years, HPLC technology has seen significant growth, especially in environmental monitoring. In developed countries, it is a widely used method for environmental testing. For example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established several standard methods using HPLC:
- EPA 531: Determination of N-methyl carbamate insecticides in drinking water using HPLC.
- EPA 547: Fluorometric determination of glyphosate in drinking water by HPLC.
- EPA 550: UV and fluorimetric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in drinking water.
- EPA 605: Electrochemical determination of benzidine compounds in wastewater using HPLC.
- EPA 610: UV and fluorimetric determination of PAHs in wastewater.
- EPA 6610: Post-column derivatization fluorimetry for carbamate pesticides in wastewater.
- EPA 6651: Determination of glyphosate herbicides in wastewater using HPLC.
- EPA 8310: Fluorescence analysis of PAHs in solid waste, and even harmful organic compounds in gases can be analyzed using HPLC.
HPLC is widely applied in environmental monitoring, particularly for analyzing large molecular weight, low volatility, and thermally unstable organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, biphenyls, phthalates, benzidines, anionic surfactants, and various pesticides and herbicides.
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