What is the future of mobile phone unlocking solutions in the era of full-screen viewing?

Disclaimer: This article does not cover post-capacitive fingerprinting schemes. Since the millet MIX fire in 2016, the mobile phone market in 2017 seemed to have started a competition for full-screen designs. In this "full-screen" era, the front screen of the phone has a higher screen-to-body ratio and offers a wider field of view. However, this also brought up an issue: the most convenient pre-fingerprint unlocking method now had to be sacrificed to make way for a full-screen design with a higher screen share. As a result, today, as the traditional pre-fingerprint solution faces challenges, the question of how to unlock a phone in the future and achieve "convenience and security" has become a hot topic. One of the original intentions behind writing this article was that at the recent CES, VIVO introduced a new under-display fingerprinting scheme. Using the OLED self-luminous feature, they developed an optical fingerprint unlocking system (temporarily named). The second reason is that I wanted to share some initial thoughts on this topic, which were first published on the site. If you're interested, feel free to check it out. I'm still working on more detailed content. My iPhone X Weekly Experience: I. Current mainstream non-front physical fingerprint solutions Let’s take a look at some of the non-physical front fingerprint solutions currently in use: [Image: Sony Z5 Premium side fingerprint solution] Scenario 1: Side fingerprinting, represented by the Sony Z5 Premium (it's rumored that the upcoming Charm Blue S6 will also use this approach). [Image: Xiaomi 5s ultrasonic under-display fingerprint] Scenario II: Ultrasonic under-display fingerprinting, as seen in the Xiaomi 5s (unfortunately, this was implemented only on the Xiaomi 5s, but I’m quite optimistic about its potential). [Image: VIVO optical under-display fingerprint] Scenario 3: Optical under-display fingerprinting, as used in VIVO’s latest products (a downside is that the screen must be lit for fingerprint recognition). [Image: Samsung Galaxy S8 illumination recognition] Scenario 4: Illumination-based recognition, exemplified by the Samsung Galaxy S8 (with an unreliable success rate). [Image: Apple Face ID multi-sensor face recognition] Scenario 5: Multi-sensor face recognition, represented by Apple’s iPhone X. So far, the five main types I can think of are: side fingerprint, under-display ultrasonic fingerprint, under-display optical fingerprint, iris recognition, and face recognition (multi-sensor 3D recognition). Now, let’s discuss their portability, security, and future prospects. Second, convenience: side > ultrasonic > optical > face > iris What I don’t want to focus on here is the iris recognition program. It has been used on devices like the Galaxy S8, but the success rate isn’t great... We’ll mainly talk about the others, especially the key differences between fingerprint and face recognition. Still talking about the iPhone X. For earlier Apple models with a physical Home button, regardless of the user's environment or gesture, simply pressing the Home button would trigger [screen lights up - fingerprint recognition - unlock - return to desktop]. There’s no doubt that this process, similar to the old keypad phones, became natural through repeated use. However, with the iPhone X, the process becomes: [pick up the phone - screen automatically lights up - adjust posture - look at the screen - high probability of Face ID success - unlock from the bottom - return to desktop]. If Face ID fails, you have to enter your password manually. Comparing these two processes: capacitive fingerprint is [screen lights up - fingerprint scan - unlock - return to desktop], while Face ID involves [pick up phone - auto light screen - adjust posture - stare at screen - high chance of successful Face ID - unlock from the bottom - back to desktop]. Which one is simpler? It's obvious. What about VIVO’s optical solution? It seems similar to Face ID. After all, their system requires the screen to be lit before scanning via self-luminous OLEDs. The process is somewhat tedious, and blind operation may not be possible. On the other hand, a solution like the Sony Z5P, which slightly improves traditional capacitive fingerprinting, is undoubtedly the most convenient. It avoids the hassle of post-fingerprinting while maintaining a similar experience to pre-fingerprinting. However, I am most optimistic about under-display ultrasonic fingerprinting. It doesn’t require lighting the screen, and with some learning, users can operate it blindly, almost like the previous capacitive fingerprint. Unfortunately, the ultrasonic solution on the Xiaomi 5s was disappointing, making people wonder about the future of this technology. Third, security: still uncertain When it comes to security, whether it's fingerprint, face, or iris recognition, the security level should be very high. Fingerprint recognition doesn't match all fingerprint data. A 20% matching rate might be enough to unlock. The problem with current phone fingerprint unlocking is that the capacitive sensor doesn’t match all fingerprint information. As long as the matching rate reaches a certain threshold, it unlocks. That threshold could be 70%, 50%, or even 20%. If it required a complete match, the success rate would drop significantly—imagine if Samsung’s iris recognition had such a standard. Side fingerprint recognition is less secure than traditional fingerprinting. More data means higher security, and the side area has much less contact surface, resulting in less data and lower security. FaceID uses multiple sensors to create a 3D facial model, which is more secure than 2D face recognition. But there are still concerns. iPhone X faced issues with Asian users being misidentified, even leading to racial discrimination lawsuits. It seems that Asians are all the same in the eyes of the system. Fourth, the future: beyond just unlocking This part has already been touched on in my iPhone X review. Here’s a summary! Fingerprint technology may only reach the limit of security authentication, but FaceID is different. Its future potential seems limitless. FaceID isn’t just a camera-based system—it uses a range of sensors. In this small area, the iPhone X integrates many sensors, including an infrared lens and a dot matrix projector. This is the most amazing black tech in this year’s smartphones: FaceID. Using a dot matrix projector hidden in the "notch," over 30,000 invisible light spots are projected onto the face to create a unique facial map. At the same time, an infrared floodlight illuminates the face, and the infrared lens captures the dot pattern, sending the data to a secure enclave in the A11 Bionic chip for verification. Compared to Android’s current facial recognition systems, FaceID clearly requires a higher level of technology. It uses multiple sensors to capture a 3D facial model, using 3D surface profile information rather than traditional 2D data, which greatly enhances security and accuracy. What do these sensors represent? What is a 3D facial model built using multiple sensors? Have you ever thought of motion capture technology used in movies or virtual reality? Yes, this is similar to how motion capture works. The sensor technology behind FaceID, portrait lighting, and motion capture are all based on capturing 3D models and processing them. Imagine that even a person can be transformed into a character. With good hardware and algorithms, a smartphone could potentially generate stunning visuals, even surpassing current software like Lightroom. And maybe you could change the subject into any character you want. As for cameras, they alone cannot obtain 3D information through a bunch of sensors. While the quality of a camera is important, it's not enough. In the future, smartphones with integrated sensors and advanced algorithms may surpass traditional cameras, creating images that are more detailed and realistic. To sum up: How the future will unfold is still unclear. I don’t know which of the above methods will dominate in the full-screen era, but for now, the fingerprint solution remains more practical and convenient. Whether it's side fingerprinting or under-display ultrasonic or optical fingerprinting, they are all solid options. However, the role of fingerprinting is limited. The multi-sensor integration technology represented by FaceID has an infinite future. Maybe one day, phones could unlock using brain waves. It sounds cool to imagine.

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