(1) Chemical analysis and instrumental analysis
According to the different measurement principles, the analytical methods can be further divided into chemical analysis methods and instrumental analysis methods.
l.Chemical analysis
Chemical analysis is an analytical method based on the chemical reaction of a substance. Chemical analysis methods are divided into gravimetric analysis and titration analysis methods due to different reaction types and operation methods.
l) Gravimetric analysis
Method for determining the content of the component to be tested based on the mass of the chemical reaction product The gravimetric method usually separates the side component from the other components in the test solution by an appropriate method, and then converts it into a certain form, and weighs it. The method determines the content of the component. Depending on the separation method, the gravimetric method is further divided into a precipitation method and a gasification method.
2) Titration analysis
The titration analysis method is to add a reagent solution (standard solution) of known concentration to the solution of the test substance (or to add the solution of the test object to the standard solution) until the reagent is added. The measured substance is quantified in a stoichiometric relationship, and then the content of the test substance is calculated according to the concentration and amount of the reagent solution. Gravimetric analysis and titration analysis are generally used for the determination of high and medium content components. The gravimetric method has high accuracy but is cumbersome to operate and takes a long time, and is rarely used in routine analysis. The titration analysis method is easy to operate, rapid, and the equipment used is very simple, and the accuracy of the measurement results is also high, so it is widely used in water quality analysis.
2. Instrumental analysis
The instrumental analysis method is based on the physical and physical and chemical properties of the material, and uses special analytical methods such as optical analysis, electrochemical analysis, chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometry.
1) Optical analysis
This is an analytical method based on the optical properties of the substance. There are mainly spectrophotometric methods, which are called colorimetry in the visible region and ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and infrared regions, respectively. In addition, there are atomic absorption methods, emission spectroscopy methods, and fluorescence analysis methods.
2) Electrochemical analysis
This is an analytical method based on the electrochemical properties of the substance, such as conductivity analysis, current titration, coulometric analysis, potential analysis, voltammetry and polarography.
3) Chromatographic analysis
This is an important separation and enrichment method, mainly gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and ion chromatography.
4) Other analysis methods
Other analytical methods for water quality analyzers include mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray. The advantages of instrumental analysis are simple, fast, high sensitivity, and certain accuracy. It is suitable for control analysis and side-by-side determination of trace components in the production process. The disadvantage is that the price of the instrument is relatively high, and the maintenance requirements are usually high. The more complicated and precise the instrument, the higher the maintenance requirements. In addition, in the analysis of the instrument, the results of the pretreatment and analysis of the analysis must be compared with the standard materials, and the standard materials used are often determined by chemical analysis methods. Therefore, chemical analysis methods and instrumental analysis methods complement each other.
The above methods have their own characteristics, but also have their limitations. Usually, the most suitable analysis method should be selected according to the nature and content of the measured object, the composition of the sample and the accuracy of the analysis results.
(two inorganic and organic analysis
This classification is based on the determination of the substance in the water.
The object of inorganic analysis is inorganic substances in water. Most of them are electrolytes, so it is common to measure their ions or radicals to indicate the content of each component.
The object of organic analysis is organic matter in water. Most of them are non-electrolytes, so it is common to analyze their elements or functional groups to determine the composition and content of organic matter. But often by determining some physical constants of the substance such as boiling point, freezing point and process, etc. to determine its composition and content.
[III] Analysis of constant, semi-micro and emblem
The chemical analysis method is divided into constant analysis, semi-micro analysis, micro analysis and ultra-micro analysis according to the amount of the sample. Constant analysis and semi-micro analysis are commonly used.
This classification method is not absolute, and the general qualitative analysis uses semi-micro analysis. In chemical analysis, constant analysis is used.
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