I. Introduction
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Automotive electronics technology is one of the core technologies for the development of the automotive industry. As the information source of automotive electronic control system, automotive sensor is a key component of automotive electronic control system and one of the core contents of automotive electronics technology. The number and technical level of automotive sensors determine the performance of automotive control systems. In general, a typical household car is installed with dozens to nearly a hundred sensors, while the luxury car has more than 200 sensors, mainly distributed in the engine control system, chassis control system, body control system and navigation system.
Second, the characteristics of automotive sensors
Automotive sensing technology is a technology that has evolved with the development of automotive electronics. The automobile sensor is an input device of the automobile electronic control system. It converts various working condition information such as the vehicle speed and the engine running condition during the operation of the automobile into electrical signals and sends them to the central control unit to make the engine in an optimal working state. Automotive sensors provide real-time, effective and accurate measurement and control of temperature, pressure, position, speed, acceleration, flow, humidity, electromagnetic, optoelectronic, gas, vibration and other information. Due to the extremely different temperature and climatic conditions in the driving environment of the car, the sensor is required to have a strong adaptability and can work normally in the environment of -40 ° C to 100 ° C: at the same time, the car sensor is also subject to various internal combustion from the engine. Disturbance, as well as vibrations caused by road conditions during driving. Therefore, the requirements of sensors in the automotive industry are extremely demanding. Automotive sensors must have the characteristics of high stability, high precision, fast response, good reliability, strong anti-interference and shock resistance, and long service life.
Third, the application of automotive sensors
l, engine control system sensor
The engine control system sensor provides various information to the engine's electronic control unit. The electronic control unit processes this information and sends precise control commands to the engine to control the engine to operate normally under various operating conditions. Use this type of sensor to increase steam
The car's power performance and comfort, reduce fuel consumption, reduce exhaust emissions, and correctly reflect driving faults.
(1) Temperature sensor
Mainly detect engine temperature, suction gas temperature, cooling water temperature, fuel temperature, oil temperature, catalytic temperature and so on. The practical application of temperature sensors is mainly wired, resistive, thermistor and thermocouple. Wirewound resistance type temperature sensor has high precision, but the response characteristics are poor. Thermistor type sensor has high sensitivity and good response characteristics, but the linearity is poor, and the applicable temperature is low. The thermocouple type has high precision and wide measurement range, but the amplifier must be considered. And the cold end handles the problem.
(2) Pressure sensor
There are mainly pressure sensors for detecting the pressure of the brake hydraulic system and the lubricating oil system, manifold pressure, wind pressure, atmospheric pressure and tire pressure sensor for measuring the pressure of the gas medium. At present, most of the vehicle pressure sensors are mainly capacitive, piezoresistive, differential transformer (IVDT) and surface elastic wave (SAW).
The capacitive sensor has the characteristics of high input energy, good dynamic response and good environmental adaptability; the varistor type is greatly affected by temperature, and a temperature compensation circuit is required. But suitable for mass production; LVDT type has large output, easy to digital output, but poor anti-interference: SAW type has small size, light weight, low power consumption, high reliability, high sensitivity, high resolution, digital output, etc. Features. Used for car suction valve pressure detection. It is an ideal sensor that can work stably at high temperatures.
(3) Speed, angle and speed sensor
Mainly used to detect crank angle, engine speed, vehicle speed and so on. There are mainly electromagnetic, magnetoresistive, Hall effect, optical, vibrating and so on.
(4) Gas concentration sensor
It is mainly used to detect gas and exhaust emissions in the car, the most important of which is the oxygen sensor. The oxygen sensor is installed in the air distribution pipe, measures the oxygen content in the exhaust pipe, determines the deviation between the actual air-fuel ratio of the engine and the theoretical value, and the control system adjusts the concentration of the combustible mixed gas according to the feedback signal, so that the air-fuel ratio is close to the theoretical value. , thereby improving economics. Reduce exhaust pollution. Practical applications are zirconia and titanium oxide sensors.
(5) knock sensor
Used to detect engine vibration, by adjusting the spark advance angle control and avoiding engine knock. The knock signal can be transmitted to the control system to suppress the occurrence of knocking. There are mainly magnetostrictive and non-resonant piezoelectric types.
(6) Flow sensor
The intake air amount and fuel flow rate are measured to control the air-fuel ratio, and there are mainly air flow sensors and fuel flow sensors. The air flow sensor detects the amount of air entering the engine to control the fuel injection amount of the injector. In order to get a more accurate air-fuel ratio. Practical applications include card door vortex, vane, and hot wire. The Carmen type has no moving parts, is sensitive and has high precision; the hot wire type is susceptible to the pulsation of the inhaled gas, and is easy to break the wire; the fuel flow sensor is used for determining the fuel consumption, mainly including the waterwheel type and the ball circulation type.
2, chassis control system sensor
Chassis Control System Sensors are sensors distributed in the transmission control system, suspension control system, power steering system, and anti-lock braking system (ABS). The bottom control system sensor is required to provide accurate signals while also adapting to harsh environments, allowing the driver to drive the car safely and comfortably.
(1) Linear acceleration inertial sensor
The linear acceleration inertial sensor is located at the entrance of the chassis and is used in adaptive suspension systems, vehicle stability systems and anti-lock braking systems (ABs). Linear acceleration inertial sensors currently fabricated using MEMS technology include piezoresistive MEENS accelerometers, capacitive MEMS accelerometers, and resonant ç²± MEMS sensors.
(2) Angular rate sensor
Angular rate sensors are used in chassis suspension systems and vehicle stability systems. The angular rate sensors also use MEMS technology, which works by detecting Coriolis forces applied to different types of structures such as ring, thin, disc and plate. effect.
(3) Transmission control sensor
The transmission control sensor is primarily controlled by an electronically controlled automatic transmission. By processing the information obtained by the vehicle speed sensor, the acceleration sensor, the engine load sensor, the engine speed sensor, the water temperature sensor, and the oil temperature sensor, the electronic control device controls the shift point and the torque converter to lock, thereby achieving maximum power and Maximum fuel economy.
(4) Suspension system control sensor
Suspension system control sensor can automatically adjust the vehicle height according to the detected information, control the change of vehicle posture, and control the vehicle comfort, steering stability and driving stability from Li, mainly including vehicle speed sensor and throttle opening sensor. . Accelerated sensors, body height sensors, roll angle sensors, steering wheel angle sensors, etc.
(5) Power steering system sensor
Power steering system sensors are mainly used in electric power steering systems. According to the signals provided by the vehicle speed sensor, the engine speed sensor, the torque sensor and the oil pressure sensor, the vehicle can respond quickly when the steering is turned, the operation is flexible and easy, the fuel loss is reduced, and the driving safety is improved.
(6) Anti-torture braking system (ABS) sensor
The anti-lock brake system (ABS) sensor detects the wheel speed through the wheel speed sensor, so that the car can obtain the maximum braking efficiency during emergency braking, and at the same time ensure that the wheel is not locked and skid. The car maintains good driving stability and directional operation throughout the braking process.
3, body control system sensor
Mainly used to improve the safety, reliability and comfort of the car. Body control system sensors mainly include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, sunshine sensors, etc. for automatic air conditioning systems: rain sensor for raindrop detection; acceleration sensor for airbag system; vehicle speed sensor for door lock control; Sunlight sensor with automatic brightness control; ultrasonic sensor and laser sensor for reversing; microwave sensor for maintaining vehicle distance, infrared sensor: image sensor for eliminating driver blind zone.
4, navigation control sensor
There are mainly speed sensors and gyro sensors (sensors that monitor the direction of travel of the vehicle). Combined with GPS, the GPS provides comprehensive and timely traffic information, enabling the car to perceive the position of itself and other vehicles, while also being able to perceive The blind spot of the driver.
Fourth, the development trend of automotive sensors
The important role of automobiles in automotive electronic control systems and the rapidly growing market demand have contributed to the continuous development of automotive sensor technology. The overall trend of automotive sensor development in the future is intelligent, miniaturized, integrated, multi-functional and new sensors made of new materials and processes.
l, intelligent
It can perform information storage and information processing, and can carry out logical thinking and conclusion judgment, which is equivalent to the combination of sensor and microcomputer, integrates information processing and control circuit into a single chip, and has self-diagnosis, multi-parameter mixed measurement, error compensation, etc. Features.
2, miniaturization
The use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology and computer-aided design technology to package micron-level sensitive components, signal processors, and data processing devices on the same chip has the characteristics of small size, low price, and long working life. And it can improve system test accuracy and has begun to replace traditional sensors.
3, multi-functional
An integrated, versatile sensor that assembles several sensitive components on the same material or on a single chip. It can detect different kinds of parameters, that is, use a single sensor system to realize the functions of multiple sensors at the same time, which can reduce the number of sensors and improve system reliability.
4, integrated
Using MEMS technology to integrate sensitive components and processors on a single chip, it becomes an IC sensor.
5. Application of new materials
The application of new materials is an important foundation for sensor technology. Nowadays, the emergence of new materials such as optical fibers, nano materials and superconducting materials has promoted the development of automotive sensors.
6, the application of new technology
The performance of the sensor is not only related to its material, but also related to the processing technology. The micro-fineness of the processing technology plays an increasingly important role in the production of the sensor. In recent years, with the development of integrated circuit technology, micromachining technology has been increasingly used in sensor manufacturing processes. With the development of modern manufacturing technology, more advanced manufacturing technologies will be applied to the production of automotive sensors.
7, the development of new sensors
The working principle of the sensor is based on various physical, chemical and biological effects, which inspires people to explore sensitive functional materials with new effects and develop new sensors with new principles, which is to develop low cost and high performance. An important way to versatile and miniaturized sensors.
V. Conclusion
The continuous development of automotive electronic technology and the increasing application of automotive electronic control systems have led to an increase in the proportion of automotive sensors in automotive electronics, which has promoted the rapid growth of automotive sensor market demand and greatly promoted automotive sensor technology. development of. Intelligent, miniaturized, integrated, multi-functional and new automotive sensors made of new materials and new processes will gradually replace traditional automotive sensors, becoming the mainstream of automotive sensor development, making the car safe, reliable and comfortable. Sexual and environmental performance has been further improved.
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