Linux is everywhere, whether you're working on server setups or client-side development, understanding the basics of the operating system is essential for a full-stack developer. **System Selection** Linux distributions can be broadly categorized into two types: those maintained by commercial companies and those managed by community organizations. The former includes well-known options like Red Hat (RHEL), while the latter includes Debian-based distributions. Red Hat is part of a larger family that includes RHEL, Fedora, and CentOS, which is a free community clone of RHEL. Ubuntu, although not strictly a standalone distribution, is built upon Debian and offers a near-perfect Linux desktop environment with enhanced usability and innovation at its core. It's widely used in cloud environments and was even the platform where Hadoop was first developed. For a more stable server setup, CentOS is often the preferred choice due to its reliability and ease of configuration. **Architecture** Understanding the architecture of Linux helps you navigate the system more effectively. Linux operates in two modes: kernel mode and user mode. The kernel, shell, and file system form the basic structure of the OS. The Linux kernel handles memory management, process scheduling, device drivers, file systems, and network operations. It breaks down memory into manageable "pages" using mechanisms like the slab allocator. A process is an instance of a running application, and the scheduler manages how processes access the CPU. Common inter-process communication methods include signals, pipes, shared memory, semaphores, and sockets. The kernel provides APIs through the System Call Interface (SCI) to create, manage, and communicate between processes. The Linux file system organizes multiple file systems into a single hierarchical tree. It supports various file systems, with EXT4 being the recommended option. File types in Linux include regular files, directories, symbolic links, device files, named pipes, and socket files. Each has a specific role in the system. Linux follows a standard directory structure, with each directory serving a distinct purpose. For example, `/bin` contains essential binaries, `/etc` holds configuration files, `/home` is the user base directory, and `/var` stores variable data like logs. **Shell and Commands** The shell acts as the interface between the user and the kernel, interpreting commands and passing them to the system for execution. BASH (Bourne Again Shell) is the most commonly used shell in Linux, especially in GNU-based systems. It allows users to write scripts and automate tasks. Linux commands are organized into categories such as file manipulation, system monitoring, networking, and text processing. Shell scripting, along with languages like Python and Perl, is widely used for automation. Python is particularly favored for its simplicity and versatility. **Linux Applications** A standard Linux system comes with a set of applications, including text editors, programming tools, X Window, internet utilities, and databases. Text editors like Vim and Emacs are popular choices, with Vim offering powerful features that can turn it into a full-featured IDE with plugins. Mastering Vim commands can significantly boost productivity. For package management, Ubuntu uses `apt`, while CentOS relies on `yum`. Compiling from source is also a common practice, requiring familiarity with `make`, `configure`, and `autoconf`. Understanding these tools is crucial for effective system administration and software development.

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