The central issues of solar photovoltaic products:

* Opportunities and challenges facing solar energy from emerging energy to mainstream energy

* The final efficiency of the entire system is more important than the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells

* Variables that determine the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells

Solutions for solar photovoltaic products

* NXP's "Delta Converter" uses the principle of energy exchange to evenly distribute the voltage difference between adjacent panels

* Three processes related to solar system architecture

The energy produced by the sun shining on the earth every 6 hours is enough to meet the global energy demand for a whole year. With this huge amount of free green wealth, photovoltaic (PV) technology has become a symbol of the environmental movement. However, although photovoltaic / solar energy, the future energy source, has been available for more than 30 years, its output is less than 0.5% of world energy output.

Turning solar energy from emerging energy to mainstream energy faces many opportunities and challenges. Although the energy from sunlight is huge, it is limited to the cost of equipment conversion and the conversion efficiency still needs to be improved. The road to making solar photovoltaic free goods is still a long way, and the use of semiconductors to manage conversion systems can easily solve this problem. At present, the development of photovoltaic energy depends to a large extent on the incentive mechanism, policy proposition and "small loan" capital investment model. However, there is no doubt that solar photovoltaics will one day be the same as fossil fuels in price. From a system perspective, large-scale deployment of solar installations will change the mode of energy distribution because it will involve many factors, such as grid operation, load handling, and other practical issues. This means that the promotion and application of photovoltaic energy is at or close to its turning point, and the latest developments in semiconductor technology have the potential to promote this transformation.

The most advanced solar power generation system today is composed of a relatively simple set of components. When everything runs as scheduled, its conversion efficiency is about 10-15%. A wide range of digital and high-performance mixed-signal (HPMS) semiconductor technologies are forming a new system architecture. These new architectures are optimized in design to regulate the efficiency drop caused by environmental changes, while optimizing the power of the system by monitoring and correcting the operating characteristics of each component.

It is extremely important to install a solar system that can deliver more power to the grid. There are two reasons: first, solar photovoltaics generated but not delivered to the grid will not bring consumer benefits; second, each kilowatt hour (kWh) of energy saved by improving operating efficiency is equivalent to reducing the release of newly installed into the atmosphere The amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced by solar panels per kWh.

NXP Semiconductors has been working to improve energy conversion efficiency through the development of software and hardware technologies. In addition, NXP is continuing to study the algorithm used to deal with the environmental changes experienced by solar panels, as well as the characteristics of photovoltaic modules themselves.

NXP also supplies a variety of ultra-low-power microcontrollers, drivers, MOSFETs and other components to meet the needs of solar technology development. Compared with competitive technologies, solar technology can provide higher performance and efficiency.

Energy loss 1: Environmental impact

In general, people are very concerned about the improvement of photovoltaic cells in energy conversion capacity, mainly because the efficiency of a typical commercial photovoltaic cell is still limited, only 10-20% (depending on the battery technology). However, the final efficiency of the entire system is more important, and it will be affected by many common factors, such as uneven distribution of shadows on the panel, or foreign objects such as leaves, dust or bird droppings falling on the panel.

In most of today's system architectures, solar panels in series form the basic energy harvesting part of the system, and each panel generates a rated DC voltage of about 30 volts. Since the panels are in series, their voltages will add up. A typical configuration may have 10 panels, each generating 30 volts, so the total voltage is around 300 volts. In some systems, this voltage is stored in the battery and converted into alternating current by the inverter or used directly as direct current. In most residential and solar farm configurations, the use of batteries is neglected, and AC power is output via the inverter and directly connected to the grid.

There is a key assumption here that all panels operate at the same efficiency. However, it is not. First, the difference in production will cause the photovoltaic cells in the panel to have slightly different current output. More important are environmental factors such as shadows and dirt. Partly dirty, shadowed panels or failed photovoltaic cells cannot collect as much light as possible, so they produce less energy and lower current. The difference between the battery / panel leads to a significant reduction in the output power of the system. If a panel has 10% of its area covered by shadows, the output power of the entire panel will be reduced by more than 30%.

Energy loss 2: Insufficient information

The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic cell depends on a series of variables, including light intensity, cell temperature, operating point, and the theoretical peak efficiency of the cell. As long as you understand these variables, you can determine the best working point of the entire solar panel. We can use sensors, microcontrollers and other integrated circuits to monitor and adjust the operating voltage-the variables that are most easily controlled by the system designer, and obtain energy gains greater than 10-15% under certain conditions. This is just one example of how information and communication technology can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation. In addition, it can add additional functions, such as improving safety, simplifying installation, and making maintenance easier and more convenient.

The photovoltaic power generation industry is booming, and the most cost-effective and energy-efficient solar system architecture has not yet taken shape. The distributed power management system seems to have been recognized by the industry. However, a primary question is whether energy is transmitted in the system in the form of DC voltage, or whether the output of each panel is converted from DC to AC using micro-converter technology, which is better? No matter how competitive the system architecture is, NXP is poised to set the trend.

Among these two unique methods for improving the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation, optimizing design and improving semiconductor performance are particularly important, and NXP has made significant contributions in these areas. The company recently introduced MPT612, a low-power integrated circuit that specifically performs maximum power point tracking (MPPT), which optimizes the power extraction efficiency of solar applications. Taking battery charging as an example, when MPT612 is running NXP ’s patented MPPT algorithm, the energy it extracts from a solar panel is more than 30% higher than that of a traditional controller.

Win with design and performance

In the design field, NXP's DC / DC converters for panels are a major innovation. NXP's "Delta Converter" equalizes the voltage difference between solar panels. Other solutions on the market deal with all the power generated by photovoltaic panels, and the NXP Delta converter uses the principle of energy exchange to divide the voltage difference between adjacent panels evenly. When there is no voltage difference, the converter is in an inactive state. The advantages of this product include lower energy consumption during conversion and higher reliability because the converter will not continue to operate.

With its many years of experience in high-reliability electronic products and high-voltage semiconductors, NXP has developed and is developing a series of semiconductor products with potential to promote the development of the solar industry:

Microcontroller performing maximum power point tracking;

Wireless and power line communication chips for inter-panel communication;

High voltage driver of DC / AC converter, low voltage driver of DC / DC converter;

Controllers, power MOSFETs, and high-voltage and low-voltage drivers for DC / DC and DC / AC converters;

Innovative channel function diode;

Gallium nitride MOSFETs, which can perform high-frequency conversion and have very limited conduction and switching losses, are therefore more power efficient than traditional IGBT-based power solutions

These innovative products are the result of NXP's decades of commitment to the development of high-performance mixed-signal technology. All in all, the combination of high-performance mixed-signal analog and digital technologies has provided design engineers with multiple options for developing products that will dominate the next decade.

In-depth substance

Semiconductor process technology makes it possible to design high-performance mixed-signal chips. NXP has three processes related to the solar system architecture: EZ-HV process, which produces small devices that can operate at 700 volts; ABCD9 and CO50PMU processes, which set a new performance benchmark of up to 120 volts for current conversion applications, and will Introduced an excellent DC / DC converter; and the previously mentioned gallium nitride process to produce power MOSFETs with extremely low conduction and switching losses.

By integrating chips and equipment developed by high-performance mixed-signal (HPMS) design and process technology, the efficiency of solar panels will be greatly improved, and the economic break-even time will be shortened. Solar photovoltaic will also be used as a common alternative energy source in residential and industrial applications. It is widely accepted.

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