A driverless car, also known as a self-driving car, a computer-driven car, or a wheeled mobile robot, is a smart car that is unmanned by a computer system. It has been in the 20th century for decades, and it has been approaching practicality in the early 21st century. For example, Google’s driverless car won the first unmanned vehicle license in the United States in May 2012. Entering the market from 2015 to 2017.
Driverless vehicles rely on artificial intelligence, vision computing, radar, surveillance devices and global positioning systems to work together, allowing computers to operate motor vehicles automatically and safely without any human active operation.
Characteristics of driverless carssafe and stable
Safety is a major factor driving demand for driverless cars. Every year, the driver's negligence will lead to many accidents. Since drivers have made a lot of mistakes, automakers must of course concentrate on designing systems that ensure the safety of their cars. There are many types of "unmanned" driving systems, some of which are not "no one" at all, and some are like things in science fiction.
Anti-lock brake
The anti-lock braking system is actually an unmanned system. Although the anti-lock brake requires the driver to operate, the system can still be used as a representative of the driverless system series, as some of the functions of the anti-lock brake system were previously required by the driver to be manually implemented. When an automobile that does not have an anti-lock system is in an emergency brake, the tire will be locked, causing the car to lose control and slip. When driving a car without an anti-lock system, the driver must repeatedly step on the brake pedal to prevent the tire from locking. The anti-lock braking system can do this instead of the driver – and it works better than manual operation. The system monitors the tires, knows when the tires are about to lock up, and reacts in time. And the timing of the reaction is more accurate than the driver. The anti-lock braking system is one of the early technologies that led the automotive industry toward unmanned driving.
Another type of driverless system is the traction and stability control system. These systems are less noticeable and usually only professional drivers are aware of the role they play. The traction and stability control system is more responsive than any driver. Unlike anti-lock braking systems, these systems are very complex and each system coordinates to prevent the vehicle from getting out of control.
When the car is about to get out of control and slip or roll over, the stability and traction control system can detect the danger and start in time to prevent the accident. These systems constantly read the direction of travel of the car, the speed of the car and the contact of the tire with the ground. The stability or traction control system will intervene when it is detected that the car is about to get out of control and may cause a rollover. These systems differ from the driver in that they can individually brake each tire to increase or decrease the power output, which is usually better than operating four tires at the same time. When these systems are up and running, an accurate response can be made. Relatively speaking, drivers often operate in an emergency and are over-adjusted.
Automatic parking
The cause of vehicle damage is mostly not a major traffic accident, but a small bump in the parking. Parking may be the least dangerous driving operation, but it will still make things messy. Although some car manufacturers have added rear-view cameras and sensors that can measure the distance of nearby objects – even on-board computers that can show the surroundings of the car – some people still enter the parking space all the way. .
self-driving car
Since the Lexus LS 460L uses an advanced parking navigation system, the driver of the car will no longer have similar troubles. The system directs the vehicle to the parking space through sensors around the body (that is, the driver does not need manual operation at all). Of course, the system is not as advanced as in Star Trek. Before the navigation begins, the driver needs to find the parking location, drive the car to the location, and use the car navigation display to tell the car where to go. The parking space needs to be 2 meters longer than the body (the LS body is longer). The automatic parking system is a major achievement in driverless technology. Through this system, the vehicle can observe the surrounding environment like a driver, react in time and safely drive from point A to point B. Although this technology can't let people completely let go, let the car automatically take you home, but after all, it is the first step in this direction.
Pros and cons of driverless carsWith the development of information technology, the traditional automobile industry has also been hit by an unprecedented impact.
A group of companies represented by Google have started to develop their driverless cars, and with the advancement of Google's automatic driving technology and some accidents of Tesla's self-driving cars, autonomous driving has become a hot spot. The autopilot technology behind it has also attracted everyone's attention as a hot spot technology. This article will analyze the autonomous driving technology and discuss the pros and cons of driverlessness with its technology, and hope to propose some suggestions for improvement.
1. Introduction to driverless cars
A driverless car is a kind of smart car, which mainly relies on a computer-based smart pilot in the car to realize driverless driving. It senses the road environment through the on-board sensor, and controls the steering and speed of the vehicle by sensing the obtained road, vehicle position and obstacle information, and automatically planning the driving route so that the car reaches the predetermined target. Driverless technology mainly includes the following aspects.
1.1 Precise positioning and navigation system
That is to rely on the development of accurate maps and the full use of satellite navigation technology to accurately locate the location of the vehicle, thus achieving the path planning of the car. For example, a major advantage of Google’s self-driving cars is the Google Street View map that has been accumulated for many years.
1.2ACC adaptive cruise system or laser ranging system
Adaptive cruise control is a control system that allows the vehicle cruise control system to adjust the speed to suit traffic conditions. The radar mounted on the roof detects the distance of objects in front and uses a series of algorithms to identify potential threats on the road.
1.3 car networking system
The vehicle networking system refers to a dynamic mobile communication system that realizes interaction between the vehicle and the vehicle, the vehicle and the road, the vehicle and the person, the vehicle and the cloud data, and realizes the communication between the vehicle and the public network. It can share information through interconnection, collect information on vehicles, environment, and roads, and process and calculate and share information on the information network platform for automatic driving.
1.4 lane keeping system
That is, the system that recognizes the lane line to automatically adjust the travel position.
Note: There are also systems such as night vision system, front vision system, and surround vision system, which are not detailed here.
2. Advantages of driverless cars
2.1 The safety of driverless cars is greatly improved
According to the World Health Organization, 1.24 million people worldwide die from traffic accidents each year, a figure that could reach 2.2 million in 2030. In the United States alone, approximately 33,000 people die each year from traffic accidents. Driverless cars can dramatically reduce the number of traffic accidents, which can save millions of lives. The Eno Centre for TransportaTIon study shows that if 90% of the cars on American roads become driverless cars, the number of car accidents will drop from 6 million to 1.3 million, and the number of deaths will drop from 33,000 to 11,300.
Driverless cars can avoid traffic accidents caused by driver's mistakes and can reduce the effects of drunk driving and malicious driving. Thereby effectively improving the safety of road traffic.
2.2 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Unmanned vehicles can find the optimal acceleration, braking and deceleration modes through their control systems, effectively improve fuel efficiency, reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and harmful exhaust gases, and be more environmentally friendly and energy efficient.
2.3 ease traffic pressure
First, driverless cars can significantly reduce the incidence of traffic accidents, thereby reducing the probability of traffic congestion due to accidents. Secondly, smart cars can monitor real-time road conditions through satellite navigation to plan the optimal route, rather than the phenomenon of vehicle bunching.
2.4 Let the driver have more free time
That is, the driver does not need to watch the road conditions nervously, but can freely control this part of the time and do what he wants.
2.5 Improve the mobility of the elderly and the disabled
Relying on driverless cars, vulnerable groups such as the elderly and disabled people with limited mobility do not have to worry about the inconvenience of travel, and contribute to the further development of social welfare.
2.6 parking lot resources are no longer tight
Autonomous vehicles can find their own parking spaces after arriving at their destinations, instead of stopping nearby, which can effectively alleviate the pressure on parking lots in crowded places such as shopping malls, hotels and stations.
3, the drawbacks of self-driving cars
3.1 Security cannot be fully guaranteed
The development of driverless cars goes through four phases: driving assistance, semi-automatic driving, highly automated driving and fully automatic driving. The first three stages are only auxiliary means, and still require different levels of monitoring and participation by the driver. If the automatic driving system is completely relied on, the accident rate will be increased, and the implementation of fully automatic driving still has a long way to go and needs Synergistic development in other areas.
As far as the current level of technology is concerned, it is difficult for intelligent systems to surpass human judgment and cognition. Therefore, there is still a long way to fully entrust the safety of drivers and passengers to the automatic driving system.
3.2 too much depends on satellites, networks
Unmanned technology relies heavily on satellite navigation technology. Once the signal is disturbed or even interrupted, driverlessness can't be talked about. Imagine that Google's driverless car can't accept the message from Google Maps while on the road. In a big disaster.
3.3 Identification of traffic accident liability
If a traffic accident occurs, how should the responsibility be determined? Is it due to the system or to the driver who did nothing? There is currently no corresponding law to explain this.
3.4 System Reliability
Undoubtedly, there is a certain risk in the driverless system itself. If there are some vulnerabilities (like a computer's operating system), does it mean that others can invade and control your car with some software? It will be a disaster, your car may become a killing tool in the hands of others, and terrorist attacks will be hard to prevent.
4, the solution to the proposal
As far as safety is concerned, I believe that even if it is fully autonomous, it should be ensured that the driver can control the car at any time and turn off the automatic driving system in the event of an emergency. The automatic driving system should have a method of forced quick closing. And to set up a supervisory system to regulate the behavior of the automatic driving system, if the abnormal behavior of the automatic driving system is judged, the driver is immediately prompted and the automatic driving system is forcibly closed. At the terminal, a network for monitoring the behavior of all self-driving cars is also established to further restrict and monitor.
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